and 3,000 warriors, against the capital of Panay, is the first act of piracy by the The expeditions captained by Columbus and Magellan, one a Genoese Italian and the other a Portuguese, as well as those that came after them, although Spanish fleets, still were manned by many nationalities and in them went negroes, Moluccans, and even men from the Philippines and the Marianes Islands. This statement has regard to the concise and concrete form a. As Deputy Governor in the country, he reinstated the Audiencia, taking over the function of judge or oidor. Spanish rule). Great kingdoms were indeed discovered and conquered in the remote and and as well slaves of the churches and convents. In this lesson, you will learn the importance of analyzing other peoples works in From the earliest Spanish days ships were built in the islands, which might be committed by the islanders? As a lawyer, it is obvious that he would hardly fail to seek such evidence. personal knowledge of our ancient nationality in its last days. But after the natives were disarmed the pirates pillaged them with impunity, coming at times when they were unprotected by the government, which was the reason for many of the insurrections. May 15, 2017 Name ______________________________________ Score _____________, Course and Section _________________________ Date ______________. J.S. and colorful.. No one has a monopoly of the true From the first edition, Mexico, 1609. against Ternate, in the Moluccas, in 1605, were Don Guillermo Palaot, Maestro de 28. That even now there are to be found here so many tribes and settlements of non-Christians takes away much of the prestige of that religious zeal which in the easy life in towns of wealth, liberal and fond of display, grows lethargic. themselves. But the effect which my effort produced made me realize that, before attempting to unroll before your eyes the other pictures which were to follow, it was necessary first to post you on the past. Two others died before he reached Manila. Click here to navigate to respective pages. we may add Portuguese, Italians, French, Greeks, and even Africans and Polynesians. country, and had neither offended nor declared war upon the Spaniards. suspicion or accident, that may be twisted into something unfavorable to the Filipinos. Yet the government was unable to repel them or to defend the people whom it From their discovery by Magellan in 1521 to the beginning of the XVII Century; with descriptions of Japan, China and adjacent countries, by, Last edited on 22 February 2022, at 11:20, "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, 1609, by Antonio de Morga", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sucesos_de_las_Islas_Filipinas&oldid=1073372419, This page was last edited on 22 February 2022, at 11:20. blood. eating snails, while in turn the Spanish find roast beef English-style repugnant and can't Not the least of his accomplishments was his Sucesos de las islas filipinas, first published in Mexico in 1609. In the time of Governor Gomez Perez Dasmarias, Manila was guarded against further damage such as was suffered from Li Ma-hong by the construction of a massive stone wall around it. When the Spaniards came to conquer the islands, he had been so passionate to know the true conditions of the Philippines. their brave defense were put ashore with ample supplies, except two Japanese lads, other a Portuguese, as well as those that came after them, although Spanish fleets, still voyages in cadence with the rowing, or at festivals, or funerals, or wherever there Morga wanted to chronicle the deeds achieved by the Spaniards in the discovery, conquest and conversion of the Filipinas Islands. Given this claim, Rizal argued that the conversion and conquest were not as widespread as portrayed because the missionaries were only successful in conquering apportion of the population of certain islands.. uncle, Jose Alberto, This knowledge about an ancient Philippine history written by a Uno de sus grandes atractivos de la isla filipina de Palawa es el ro subterrneo navegable que es el ms largo del mundo: el de Puerto Princesa. According to him it was covetousness of the wealth aboard that led them to revolt and kill the governor. Spaniards. He was born in Seville in 1559 and began serving the government in 1580. In the fruitless expedition against the Portuguese in the island of Ternate, in the Molucca group, which was abandoned because of the prevalence of beriberi among the troops, there went 1,500 Filipino soldiers from the more warlike provinces, principally Kagayans and Pampangans. instances where native maidens chose death rather than sacrifice their chastity to the The Jesuit, Father Alonso Sanchez, who visited the papal court at Rome and the Spanish King at Madrid, had a mission much like that of deputies now, but of even greater importance since he came to be a sort of counsellor or representative to the absolute monarch of that epoch. Still the Spaniards say that the Filipinos have contributed nothing to Mother Spain, and that it is the islands which owe everything. The Hakluyt Society, a text publication society in 1851 catches its attention and an edition was prepared by H. E. J. Stanley but was only published in 1868. inaugurated his arrival in the Marianes islands by burning more than forty houses, many Spaniards. [3][4]. An early historian asserts that without this fortunate circumstance, for the Spaniards, it would have been impossible to subjugate them. Still the incident contradicts the reputation for enduring everything which they have had. inhabitants of the South which is recorded in Philippine history. Legaspi's grandson, Salcedo, called the Hernando Cortez of the Philippines, was because of their nonspiritual and factual contents since at that time, religious historians got complaints as they dwelt more of the friar's ill practices than the history of the Philippines and its people. Spaniards. Antonio de Alcedo in his Diccionario geografico de las lndias (178689) recorded his death as having taken place in 1603. In Morga's time, the Philippines exported silk to Japan whence now comes the best quality of that merchandise. Truth is that the ancient activity was scarcely for the Faith alone, because the missionaries had to go to islands rich in spices and gold though there were at hand Mohammedans and Jews in Spain and Africa, Indians by the million in the Americas, and more millions of protestants, schismatics and heretics peopled, and still people, over six-sevenths of Europe. These wars to gain the Moluccas, which soon were lost forever with the little that had been so laboriously obtained, were a heavy drain upon the Philippines. The men had various positions in Manila and some were employed in The Hakluyt Society deserves our thanks for publishing a second English translation. Austin Craig, an early biographer of Rizal, translated some of the more important annotations into English. Vigan was his encomienda and the Ilokanos there were his heirs. It might be advisable to lead up to the matter by informing the Japanese Emperor of the recent troubles, resulting in some deaths, caused by the Chinese in Manila: this would show that the Spanish were not being unjust. Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, 1609, by Antonio de Morga Edited By J.S. The Filipinos were decimated, demoralized, exploited and ruined by the Spanish civilization 3. When the English freebooter Cavendish captured the Mexican galleon Santa Some But Morga could have made the same claim for himself he often gives the full text of letters and documents to support his statements. Young Spaniards out of bravado Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (English: Events in the Philippine Islands) is a book written and published by Antonio de Morga considered one of the most important works on the early history of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. Course and Section _________________________ Date______________, Name______________________________________ Score_____________. At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: Analyze Rizals ideas on how to rewrite the Philippine History. could not reach, and in harmony with this massiveness was all the woodwork above and MS. Exciibania de Camara 410, f.58-v, Archive of the Indies, Seville. all behind the women of Flanders.". Of the first discoveries of the Eastern islands 2. 25. this may be cited the claims that Japan fell within the Pope's demarcation lines for Retana, who describes Morga's first wife as being as fertile as a rabbit, estimates that there were at least 16 children by the marriage. The case would be funny if the invented code had not passed into Philippine history books in full. The Emperor was to be informed that trade relations with Japan were desired, for the Japanese brought arms, iron, bronze, salpetre, and meal (Juan de Ribera, SJ., Casos morales' f. 149.r, MS in archive of San Cugat college, Barcelona). Religion had a broad field awaiting it then in the Philippines where more than nine-tenths of the natives were infidels. leave, to some who never have been and never will be in the islands, as well as to Captain Gabriel de Rivera, a Spanish commander who had gained fame in a raid on Borneo and the Malacca coast, was the first envoy from the Philippines to take up with the King of Spain the needs of the archipelago. This was done by recreating the pre-Hispanic Philippine past, which knocked on the native's pride. Portuguese religious propaganda to have political motives back of the missionary [1] When the English freebooter Cavendish captured the Mexican galleon Santa Ana, with 122,000 gold pesos, a great quantity of rich textiles-silks, satins and damask, musk perfume, and stores of provisions, he took 150 prisoners. Feature Flags: { religious chroniclers who were accustomed to see the avenging hand of God in the Sucesos was done by an early biographer of Rizal, Austin Craig (1872-1949). "Our whole aspiration" he declared, "is to educate our nation; education and mode education! 3107; III, 83, Item No. Estimating that the cost to the islands was but troops, there went 1,500 Filipino soldiers from the more warlike provinces, principally government official for 43 years in the Philippines (1594-1604), New Spain and Peru. The Sucesos is the work of an honest observer, himself a major actor in the drama of his time, a versatile bureaucrat, who knew the workings of the administration from the inside.It is also the first history of the Spanish Philippines to be written by a layman, as opposed to the religious chroniclers. fact admits that he abandoned writing a political history because Morga had already The Buhahayen people were in their own country, and had neither offended nor declared war upon the Spaniards. What does Dr. Morga's book "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas" talk about? In not more than five (5) sentences, write your own interpretation of Rizals statement on the left. then been killed himself. Antonio de Morga (1559-1636) was a Spanish conquistador, a lawyer and a government official for 43 years in the Philippines (1594-1604), New Spain and Peru. Three centuries ago it was the custom to write as intolerantly as Morga does, but nowadays it would be called a bit presumptuous. The Buhahayen people were in their own SJ., (Barcelona, 1904), three vols. Rizal anotated Morga's Sucesos and published it in 1890. The book also includes Filipino customs, traditions, manners, and religion during the Spanish conquest. Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas -by Antonio de Morga - MODULE 2 WORKS Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas - Studocu module works sucesos de las islas filipinas antonio de morga talks about the and of the filipinos witches and sorcerer buried dead in their DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew Perhaps "to make peace" then meant the same as "to stir up war." For fear of uprisings and loss of Spain's sovereignty over the islands, the inhabitants were disarmed, leaving them exposed to the harassing of a powerful and dreaded enemy. Because of him they yielded to their enemies, making peace and friendship with the Spaniards. Witness the Moluccas where Spanish missionaries served as spies; 8. The leaders bore themselves bravely for by These traditions were almost completely lost as well as the mythology and the genealogies of which the early historians tell, thanks to the zeal of the missionaries in eradicating all national remembrances as heathen or idolatrous. as if it were said that it was turned over to sack, abandoned to the cruelty and below. Antonio de Morga (1559-1636) was a Spanish conquistador, a lawyer and a lack of master foundry men shows that after the death of the Filipino Panday Pira there As to the mercenary social evil, that is worldwide and there is no nation that can 'throw the first stone' at any other. The Cebuanos drew a pattern on the skin before starting in to tattoo. Morga shows that the ancient Filipinos had army and navy with artillery and other implements of warfare. 7870). Because of him they yielded to their enemies, making peace and friendship with the The islands came under Spanish sovereignty and control through compacts, treaties of friendship and alliances for reciprocity. His book, published in 1609, ranges more widely than its title . For Morga and Van Noort see Blair, XI, passim, and Retana, , 271310Google Scholar; for a brief survey of the Dutch intervention in the Philippines see Zaide, G., Philippine Political and Cultural History, I, (Manila, 1957), 25268.Google Scholar. A new edition of First Series 39. The expedition of Villalobos, intermediate between Magellan's and Legaspi's, gave the name "Philipina" to one of the southern islands, Tendaya, now perhaps Leyte, and this name later was extended to the whole archipelago. Moreover, as he tells us himself, survivors from Legazpi's expedition were still alive while he was preparing his book in Manila, and these too he could consult. It was not Ubal's fault that he was At his own expense, Rizal had the work republished with annotations that Governor Antonio de Morga was not only the first to write but also the first to publish a Philippine history. Torres-Navas, , V, items No. dozen large cannons and some smaller pieces which the Spanish invaders took back This book Elsewhere Morga says he arrived on 10 June (Retaria, , 45*).Google Scholar, 6. Written with "Jose Rizal, Europe 1889" as a signature, the following Preface was indicated in Rizal's Annotation (From Annotations to Dr. Antonio Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, n.d., as translated in English): "To the Filipinos: In Noli Me Tangere (The Social Cancer) I started to sketch the present state of our native land. The book was an unbiased presentation of 16th century Filipino culture. abused their hospitality and if behind the name Religion had not lurked the unnamed season. Figueroa's soldiers who had died in battle. could not pass unless she had a husband or lover to extend a hand to assist her. Spanish expansion and so there was complaint of missionaries other than Spanish quoting an eighteenth-century source). An account of the history of the Spanish colony in the Philippines during the 16th century. Austin Craig, an early biographer of Rizal, translated some of the more important Morga shows that the ancient Filipinos had army and navy with artillery and other In fact, this book is considered valuable in the sense that it reflects the first formal record of the earliest days of the Philippines as a Spanish colony. Argensola writes that in the assault on Ternate, "No officer, Spaniard or Indian, went political, social and economic phases of life from the year 1493 to 1603. 18. An account of the history of the Spanish colony in the Philippines during the 16th century. Morgas Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas? scows and coasters. eatable. (Colin, F., Labor evangelica de la Compania de Jesus en Filipinos, ed. remembered for his work as a historian. "They were very courteous and well-mannered," says San Agustin. Estimating that the cost to the islands was but 800 victims a year, still the total would be more than 200,000 persons sold into slavery or killed, all sacrificed together with so many other things to the prestige of that empty title, Spanish sovereignty. "Otherwise, says 3. Spain's possessing herself of a province, that she pacified it. His book, published in 1609, ranges more widely than its title suggests since the Spanish were also active in China, Japan, Southeast Asia, Taiwan, the Moluccas, Marianas and other Pacific islands. (Gerard J. Tortora), Science Explorer Physical Science (Michael J. Padilla; Ioannis Miaculis; Martha Cyr), The Law on Obligations and Contracts (Hector S. De Leon; Hector M. Jr De Leon), Auditing and Assurance Concepts and Applications (Darell Joe O. Asuncion, Mark Alyson B. Ngina, Raymund Francis A. Escala), Intermediate Accounting (Conrado Valix, Jose Peralta, Christian Aris Valix), Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering (Warren L. McCabe; Julian C. Smith; Peter Harriott), Calculus (Gilbert Strang; Edwin Prine Herman), The Life and Works of Jose Rizal Chapter 6 by Dr Nery, The Life and Works of Jose Rizal - Dr Nery, Chapter 1 Introduction to the Course Republic Act 1425, Chapter 2 19th Century Philippines as Rizals Context, Chapter 3 Rizals Life Family Childhood and Early Education, Chapter 4 Rizals Life Higher Education and Life Abroad, Chapter 5 Rizals Life Exile Trial and Death. The Filipino plant was burned with all that was in it save a All these because of Among the Filipinos who aided the government when the Manila Chinese revolted, Argensola says there were 4,000 Pampangans "armed after the way of their land, with bows and arrows, short lances, shields, and broad and long daggers." government work near by. In the fruitless expedition against the Portuguese in the island of Ternate, in the in rizal's introduction, Blumentritt noted that the book was "so rare that the few libraries that have a copy guard it with the same care as they would an Inca treasure" (rizal 1890 intro). Colin says the ancient Filipinos had minstrels who had memorized songs telling being. The historian Argensola, in telling of four special galleys for Dasmarias' expedition, says that they were manned by an expedient which was generally considered rather harsh. For him, the native populations of the Filipinos were self-sustaining and customarily spirited -it was because of the Spanish colonization that the Philippines rich culture and tradition faded to a certain extent. 26. Three main propositions were emphasized in Rizals New Edition of Morgas Sucesos: 1) The people of the Philippines had a culture on their own, even before the coming of the Spaniards; 2) Filipinos were decimated, demoralized, exploited, and ruined by the Spanish colonization; and 3) The present state of the Philippines was not necessarily superior to its past. In this difficult art of ironworking, Studs, Aralin 1: Kahulugan at Katangian ng Akademikong Pagsulat 0, Media Information Literacy Quarter 1 Module 2, Factors that influence the Filipinos to suffer more negative than positive traits, PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT 11/12 Module 1: Knowing Oneself, Solution manual special transactions millan 2021 chapter 2, English-for-academic-and-professional-purposes-quarter-2-module-2 compress, 1. cblm-participate-in-workplace-communication, Activity 1 Solving the Earths Puzzle ELS Module 12. Spain, and that it is the islands which owe everything. The barbarous tribes in Mindanao still have the same taste. 1. In the attempt made by Rodriguez de Figueroa to conquer Mindanao according to his contract with the King of Spain, there was fighting along the Rio Grande with the people called the Buhahayenes. This precedence is interesting for those who uphold the civil power. of Romans, often quoted by Spaniard's, that they made a desert, calling it making Breadcrumbs Section. Deputy Governor in the country, he reinstated the Audiencia, taking over the function of It is difficult to excuse the missionaries' disregard of the laws of nations and the usages of honorable politics in their interference in Cambodia on the ground that it was to spread the Faith. Cummins Edition 1st Edition First Published 1971 eBook Published 20 March 2017 Pub. Former Raja Lakandola, of Tondo, with his sons and his kinsmen went, too, with 200 more Bisayans and they were joined by other Filipinos in Pangasinan. All of these are touched on by Morga to a greater or lesser degree, and he also treats the appearance on the Asian scene of Dutch rivals to Spanish imperial ambitions. The study of ethnology is restoring this somewhat. Magellan's transferring from the service of his own king to employment under the King of Spain, according to historic documents, was because the Portuguese King had refused to grant him the raise in salary which he asked. The original title of the manuscript was Descubrimiento, conquista, pacification y poplacion de las Islas Philipinas (Retana, 172*. By the Christian religion, Doctor Morga appears to mean the Roman Catholic which by fire and sword he would preserve in its purity in the Philippines. The causes which ended the Published online by Cambridge University Press: their genealogies and of the deeds ascribed to their deities. His honesty and Compare and contrast Rizal and Morgas different views about Filipinos and A Jesuit writer calls him a traitor though the justification the Philippines in the early days and at the onset of Spanish Colonization. 1 (1915), 645.Google Scholar, 44. Prices & shipping based on shipping country. In spite of this promised compensation, the measures still seemed severe since those Filipinos were not correct in calling their dependents slaves. These were chanted on voyages in cadence with the rowing, or at festivals,. according to the Jesuit historian Chirino, with hardwood pillars around which two men Father Chirino's work, printed at Rome in 1604, is rather a chronicle of the Missions than a history of the Philippines; still it contains a great deal of valuable material on usages and customs. 41. the contrary was the fact among the mountain tribes. Cummins Taylor & Francis, May 15, 2017 - History - 360 pages 0 Reviews Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes. Of the government of Don Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peiialosa 4. title, Spanish sovereignty. He died at the early age of transferred to the old site in 1590. Consequently, in this respect, the pacifiers introduced no moral improvement. According to Gaspar San Agustin, the cannon which the pre-Spanish Filipinos cast were "as great as those of Malaga," Spain's foundry. At his own expense, Rizal had the work republished with annotations that showed that the Philippines was an advanced civilization prior to Spanish colonization. But imagine how difficult it was to search for information during those Antonio de Morga was an official of the colonial bureaucracy in Manila and could consequently draw upon much material that would otherwise have been inaccessible. Pastells, P. Stated that nothing was changed in the original text. 672145, 691617.Google Scholar. example of this method of conversion given by the same writer was a trip to the great advancement in this industry. It was that in the journey Borneo, and the Moluccas. 1604, is rather a chronicle of the Missions than a history of the Philippines; still it after death to "Kalualhatian," the abode of the spirit, there was a dangerous river to God grant that it may not be the last, though to judge by statistics the Their general, according to Argensola, was the celebrated Silonga, later distinguished for many deeds in raids on the Bisayas and adjacent islands. Morga's mention of the scant output of large artillery from the Manila cannon works because of lack of master foundry men shows that after the death of the Filipino Panday Pira there were not Spaniards skilled enough to take his place, nor were his sons as expert as he. There were, as examples, the cases of Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa, who murdered his adulterous wife and her lover in the 1580s; and of Governor Fajardo who did the same in 1621: see Retana, W. E., Archivo del bibliofilo filipino, IV (Madrid, 1898), 367446.Google Scholar, 45. (This is a veiled allusion to the old Latin saying of Romans, often quoted by Spaniard's, that they made a desert, calling it making peace. A Dominican brother describes a colleague's love of penance; he showed no longing to return to Spain, a rare thing indeed here. The Filipinos have been much more long-suffering than the Chinese since, in spite of having been obliged to row on more than one occasion, they never mutinied. The expedition which followed the Chinese corsair Li Ma-hong, after his unsuccessful attack upon Manila, to Pangasinan province, with the Spaniards of whom Morga tells, had in it 1,500 friendly Indians from Cebu, Bohol, Leyte and Panay, besides the many others serving as laborers and crews of the ships. To prove his point and refute the accusations of prejudiced Spanish writers against his race, Rizal annotated the book, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, written by the Spaniard Antonio Morga. It may be surmised from this how hard workers were the Filipinos of that time. Quoted in Quinn, D. B., The Roanoke Voyages, 16841590, II (London, Hakluyt Society, 1955), 514.Google Scholar. Collection annotations into English. The muskets used by the Buhahayens were probably some that had belonged to. They had with them 400 Tagalogs and Pampangans. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Her zamanki yerlerde hibir eletiri bulamadk. unscathed.". Soliman. broadest sense. Yet The early cathedral of wood which was burned through carelessness at the time of the funeral of Governor Dasmarias' predecessor, Governor Ronquillo, was made, according to the Jesuit historian Chirino, with hardwood pillars around which two men could not reach, and in harmony with this massiveness was all the woodwork above and below. We even do not know, if in their wars the Filipinos used to make slaves of each other. Other sources, however, claim that Rizal learned about Antonio Morga from his uncle, Jose Alberto, This knowledge about an ancient Philippine history written by a Spaniard came from the English Governor of Hong Kong, Sir John Browning, who had once paid his uncle a visit. evil, that is worldwide and there is no nation that can 'throw the first stone' at any other. been falsified or is calumny, then I shall not have labored in vain. formal record of the earliest days of the Philippines as a Spanish colony. "useRatesEcommerce": false Morga has evidently confused the pacific coming of Legaspi with the attack of Goiti and Salcedo, as to date. Of the native Manila rulers at the coming of the Spaniards, Raja Soliman was called "Rahang mura", or young king, in distinction from the old king, "Rahang matanda". iStock. activities. These traditions were almost completely lost as well as the mythology and the a description of events from years 1493 to 1603. organized threads of history intertwined together to come up with a masterpiece containing practical day-to-day affairs of the islands. By the Christian religion, Doctor Morga appears to mean the Roman Catholic A missionary record of 1625 sets forth that the King of Spain had arranged with certain members of Philippine religious orders that, under guise of preaching the faith and making Christians, they should win over the Japanese and oblige them to make themselves of the Spanish party, and finally it told of a plan whereby the King of Spain should become also King of Japan. [1] It was published in 1609 after he was reassigned to Mexico in two volumes by Casa de Geronymo Balli, in Mexico City. Both these authors' allegations may have contributed, but more important was the fact that there was no law to compel these Chinamen to row in the galleys. Martin Perez de Ayala's autobiography gives a vivid impression of how the Moriscos were regarded in sixteenth-century Spain: in1 1550 when he became bishop of Gaudix he felt as though he had been appointed to a new church in Africa. The importation of Spanish civilization did not necessarily, and certainly not in all spheres of interest, improved the state of the Philippines. We use cookies to improve your website experience. Philippine treasury not only for those who come to the Philippines but also for those who For the rest, today the Philippines has no reason to blush in comparing its womankind with the women of the most chaste nation in the world. His extensive annotations are no less than 639 items or almost two annotations for every page, commenting even on Morgas typographical errors. Merino, M., OSA., (Madrid, 1954), 59, 81, 115, 259, 279, 404, 424)Google Scholar. unknown parts of the world by Spanish ships but to the Spaniards who sailed in them They had come to Manila to engage in commerce or to work in trades or to follow professions. Chapter 6 Annotation of Antonio Morgas Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01. very straightforward historical annotations, which corrected the original book and though historically based, the annotations reflects his strong anticlerical bias. . The Filipinos' favorite fish dish is the bagoong and whoever has tried to eat it knows that it is not considered improved when tainted. See Cline, Howard F., The Relaciones geograficas of the Spanish Indies, 157786 in Hispanic American Historical Review, 44 (1964), 84174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 46.
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